情绪操纵是指通过影响他人的行为和感受实现自我目标的能力(Austin, Farrelly, Black, & Moore, 2007)。情绪操纵最初被视为赢得父母关注、吸引伴侣和获取社会资源一种有效手段。随着搭讪艺术家（Pick Up Artists，PUA）兴起，滥用情绪操纵从中牟利的现象频繁发生。例如：浪漫关系一方利用情感控制去利用、欺骗和虐待另一方获取性接触或利益。越来越多研究者将研究视角转向了情绪操纵的黑暗面。

Austin和O'Donnell(2013)开发了管理他人情绪量表（Managing the Emotions of Others Scale; MEOS）用于评估亲社会和反社会的情绪操纵。该量表共58个项目，由情绪提升（enhance）、情绪恶化（worsen）、情绪隐藏（conceal）、不真实情绪表达（inauthentic），技巧差（poor skills）和情绪转移（dvert）。其中，情绪提升是指当他人面对消极情绪时，通过鼓励和支持等方式来增加其积极情绪；情绪恶化是指个体采取批评、消极评价、破坏自信心等方式来引发他人消极的情绪人；不真实的情绪表达是指为了个人利益，故意表现出友好、奉承、厌恶等行为；情绪转移是指为转移他人的注意力，个体可能会通过讨论一些积极的事情和表现地开心来引导个体产生积极的情绪。其中，情绪提升和情绪转移为亲社会性的情绪操纵，而情绪恶化、情绪隐藏、不真实的情绪表达和情绪技巧差为反社会行的情绪操纵。技巧差这个维度与其它维度的相关较低，于是在后续修订该量表时，删除了该维度，最终该量表简化为30个项目(Austin, Saklofske, & Smith, 2018)。Qianglong Wang等人编制了中文版，共三个维度，Cronbach’s alpha分别为0.65、0.82、0.85。

人际情绪管理问卷（the Chinese version of MEOS-SF）

1非常不赞同
2有点不赞同
3不确定
4有点赞同
5非常赞同

  1. 当我情绪低落的时候，如果有人对我好，我就假装变快乐以回应。
  2. 当他人情绪低落的时候，我会以快乐和愉悦的方式来使他们感觉变好。
  3. 我经常隐藏对别人的愤怒和失落。
  4. 当有人让我心烦或生气时，我倾向于冷处理。
  5. 如果有人表现得很尴尬，我会尝试通过欢快和愉悦来缓和这种情况。
  6. 当他人在处理棘手的事情时，我会鼓励他们，让他们确信他们应付得很好。
  7. 当他人感到愤怒时，我会尝试帮助他们洞察自身情绪。
  8. 我发怒使别人按我的想法做事。
  9. 我有时用幽默来提高别人的心情。
  10. 当他人不开心的时候，我试着通过谈论一些积极的事情来鼓励他们。
  11. 如果我想让别人为我做点什么，我先会尝试引起他们的同情。
  12. 当他人不开心时，我会尝试帮助他们用更积极的眼光来看待他们的处境。
  13. 我有时利用那些会引起对他人情绪反应的因素，来激怒他们。
  14. 我不会因信任而告诉别人我的问题——我会把它们藏在心里。
  15. 如果我不喜欢他人的行为，我会对他们做出负性的评价，使他们感觉糟糕。
  16. 我有时通过生气使别人改变他们的行为。
  17. 当他人不开心时，我会安抚他们，告诉他们事情会越来越好的。
  18. 我可以让他人感到焦虑，这样他们就会以特定的方式行动。
  19. 当他人心情不好时，我会讲笑话或有趣的故事来转移他们的注意力。
  20. 如果有人说或做了我不喜欢的事，我有时会生气。
  21. 我用愤怒的表现来激励别人。
  22. 如果有人生气了，我就试着用快乐的情绪来转移他们的情绪。
  23. 我有时夸大个人或健康问题，这是为了获得同情和避免做某件事。

Item descriptions of MEOS-SF (23 items).

(4 items)
1 I often conceal feelings of anger and distress from others.
2 When someone has made me upset or angry, I tend to downplay my feelings.
3 I don’t believe in telling others about my problems–I keep them to myself.
4 If someone tries to make me feel better when I am feeling low, I pretend to feel happier to please that person.

Prosocial (10 items)
1 If someone is feeling anxious, I try to calm them down by talking with them.
2 When someone is anxious about a problem, I try to help them work out a solution.
3 If someone is anxious, I try to reassure them.
4 When someone is under stress I try to boost their confidence in their ability to cope.
1 If someone is angry, I try to divert their mood by being cheerful.
2 When someone is in a low mood I behave in a happy and cheerful way to make them feel better.
3 When someone is in a bad mood I try to divert them by telling jokes or funny stories.
4 When someone is unhappy I try to cheer them by talking about something positive.
5 I sometimes use humor to try to lift another person’s mood.
6 If someone is being awkward, I try to defuse the situation by being cheerful and pleasant.

Non-prosocial (9 Worsen items)
1 I use anger to get others to do things that I want them to do.
2 I sometimes put someone down in public to make them feel bad.
3 I know how to make someone feel ashamed about something that they have done in order to stop them from doing it again.
4 I use criticism to make others feel that they should work harder.
5 If I don’t like someone’s behavior I make negative comments in order to make them feel bad.
1 I sometimes sulk to make someone feel guilty.
2 I sometimes sulk to get someone to change their behavior
3 If someone’s behavior has caused me distress, I try to make them feel guilty about it.
4 I sometimes use flattery to gain or keep someone’s good opinion.

Short Forms of the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale, MEOS-SF

ENHANCE
1 If someone is feeling anxious, I try to calm them down by talking with them.
2 When someone is anxious about a problem, I try to help them work out a solution.
3 If someone is anxious, I try to reassure them.
4 When someone is under stress I try to boost their confidence in their ability to cope.
5 When someone is unhappy, I show that I understand how they are feeling.
6 If someone has a problem I offer to help if they need it.
DIVERT
1 If someone is angry, I try to divert their mood by being cheerful.
2 When someone is in a low mood I behave in a happy and cheerful way to make them feel better.
3 When someone is in a bad mood I try to divert them by telling jokes or funny stories.
4 When someone is unhappy I try to cheer them by talking about something positive.
5 I sometimes use humor to try to lift another person’s mood.
6 If someone is being awkward, I try to defuse the situation by being cheerful and pleasant.
WORSEN
1 I use anger to get others to do things that I want them to do.
2 I sometimes put someone down in public to make them feel bad.
3 I know how to make someone feel ashamed about something that they have done in order to stop them from
doing it again.
4 I can make someone feel anxious so that they will act in a particular way.
5 I use criticism to make others feel that they should work harder.
6 If I don’t like someone’s behavior I make negative comments in order to make them feel bad.
INAUTHENTIC
1 I sometimes sulk to make someone feel guilty.
2 I sometimes sulk to get someone to change their behavior.
3 If someone’s behavior has caused me distress, I try to make them feel guilty about it.
4 I sometimes use flattery to gain or keep someone’s good opinion.
5 If I want someone to do something for me, I try to elicit sympathy from them.
6 If I want someone to do something for me, I am especially nice to them before asking.
CONCEAL
1 I often conceal feelings of anger and distress from others.
2 I hide my feelings so others won’t worry about me.
3 When someone has made me upset or angry, I often conceal my feelings.
4 When someone has made me upset or angry, I tend to downplay my feelings.
5 I don’t believe in telling others about my problems – I keep them to myself.
6 If someone tries to make me feel better when I am feeling low, I pretend to feel happier to please that person.
All 30 items are used in the MEOS-SF.

参考文献：
许晨曦. 亲密关系中情绪操纵的影响因素研究[D].西南大学,2022.DOI:10.27684/d.cnki.gxndx.2022.000724.
Wang Qianglong,Zhang Zhuo,Song Ping,Liu Zhenbiao,Zhang Qingyun,Vivino Anthony A,Yang Bo,Hu Ping. Factor structure and construct validity of the short form of managing the emotions of others (MEOS-SF) scale in the Chinese sample.[J]. PloS one,2021,16(4).
Austin Elizabeth J,Saklofske Donald H,Smith Martin M. Development and Validation of Two Short Forms of the Managing the Emotions of Others (MEOS) Scale.[J]. Frontiers in psychology,2018,9.